Title IX RESOURCES:

FEDERAL REGULATION

• Title IX Statute, 20 U.S.C. Sec. 1681-1688.      
• Title IX Federal Regulations, Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights, 34 CFR Sec. 106.41 (rev. July 1, 1999).
• Office for Civil Rights, “Title IX Policy Interpretation," December 11, 1979.      
• Office for Civil Rights, "Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance: The Three-Part Test," Washington, D.C., September 20, 1995.
• Office for Civil Rights, “Title IX Grievance Procedures, Postsecondary Education”  Role of Title IX Coordinators, August 4, 2004
• Additional primary materials can be found in the NCAA Gender Equity Manual

Equity in Athletics Discloser Act (EADA)

• Federal government Web site
• NCAA EADA/Financial Reporting
• The Indianapolis Star: “Colleges play, public pays: $1 billion: That's how much universities and students contributed to athletic departments last year NCAA defends sports as part of education” MARK ALESIA, February 19, 2007,  Search the Database

FINANCIAL AID AND SCHOLARSHIPS

• "Administrators Discuss Scholarship Issue,"  Athletic Management,  Aug./Sept. 1998, pages 12-15.     
• Mary Frances O’Shea, "Clarification of Athletic Financial Aid Policy Interpretation,"  July 23, 1998.

CASE LAW

NCAA Cases

• NCAA Legislation
• Cureton v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, Civil Case No. 97-131 (E. D. Pa., 1999).      
• National Collegiate Athletic Association v. R.M. Smith, 525 U.S. 459 (1999). 

Opportunities

• Auburn University Settlement -- Kiech el v. Auburn University, Civil Case No. 93-V-474-E (M.D. Ala., July 19, 1993).   
• Beasley v. Alabama State University, [966 F. Supp. 1117 (M.D. Ala. 1997).]   (mot. to recdr. punitive damages).      
• Beasley v. Alabama State University, 3 F. Supp. 2d  1304 (M.D. Ala. 1998).  (dnyg in part mot. for sum. judgmt.).      
• Beasley v. Alabama State University, 3 F. Supp. 2d 1325 (M.D. Ala. 1998).  (granting mot. for sum. judgmt.).   
• Choike v. Slippery Rock Univ. of Pa. of State Sys. of Higher Educ., et al., No. 06-622, 2006 WL 2060576, (W.D.Pa. 2006)
• Favia v. Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 812 F. Supp. 578 (W.D. Pa. 1992).      
• Louisiana State University Decision –  Pederson v. Louisiana State University, Civil No. CV 94-247-A-MI (M.D. La. 1995). 
• M. Kelly v. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 832 F. Supp. 237 (C.D. Illinois 1993). 
• Neal v. California State University, 198 F.3d 763 (9^th Cir. 1999).      
• University of Texas at Austin Settlement  - Sanders v. University of Texas at Austin, Civil No. A-92-CA-405 (W.D. Tex. Oct. 24, 1993).

Proportionality/Discontinuing Teams

• Biediger v. Quinnipiac, July 2010
  • OCR Amicus Brief
  • NCAA article
• Boulahanis v. Illinois State University, Civil Case No. 99-1561, __ F.3d__ (7^th Cir. 1999).    
• Cohen v. Brown University. 
• Court of Appeals Ruling:101 F.3d 155 (1st Cir. 1996).
• Supreme Court:
• Petition for a Writ of Certiorari  (October Term, 1996).                                                                         
• Respondents - Brief in Opposition  (March 21, 1997).                                                                         
• Brief of Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners:  American Council on Education, Association of American Universities, National Association of independent Colleges and Universities, and National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges.                                                                           
• Brief of Washington Legal Foundation, Independent Women's Forum
•  Allied Educational Foundation as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners, October Term 1996.
• Colorado State University Decision:  Roberts v. Colorado State Bd. of Agriculture, 998 F.2d 824 (10th Cir. 1993).   
• Gonyo v. Drake University, 837 F. Supp. 989 (C.D. Iowa 1993).  (dny'g mot. for prelim. inj.).     
• Gonyo v. Drake University, 879 F. Supp. 1000 (C.D. Iowa 1995).  (granting mot. for sum. judgmt.).   
• Harper v. Board of Regents, 35 F. Supp.2d 1118 (C.D. Ill. 1999).  (granting in part mot. for sum. judgmt.).
• Miller v. University of Cincinnati, 2007 WL 2783674 (S.D. Ohio, Sept. 20, 2007)

Discrimination

• Haffer v. Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education, 687 F. Supp. 517 (E.D. Pennsylvania 1987) (mot. for reconsideration January 15, 1988).
• Mercer v. Duke University, 190 F.3d 643 (4^th Cir. 1999).
• NCAA v. Califano, 622 R. Supp. 2d 1382 (10^th Cir. 1980).
• Paddio v. Board of Trustees for State Colleges and Universities, Southeastern University in Louisiana, 1993 U.S. Dist. Lexis 1161 (E.D. La. 1993).
• Pavey & United States of America v. University of Alaska v. NCAA, 490 F. Supp. 1011 (D. Alaska 1980).
• Stanley v. University of Southern California, 1995 U.S. Dist. Lexis 5026 (C.D. Cal. 1995).
• Weaver v. Ohio State University, 71 F. Supp. 2d 789 (S.D. Ohio 1998).
• Yusuf v. Vassar College, 35 F. Supp. 3d 709 (2^nd Cir. 1994).

Retaliation

• Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 544 U.S. 167 (2005)
• Johnson-Klein v. Cal. State University, et al, Superior Court of California, Fresno County
• Vivas v. Board of Trustees of California State University, Fresno Co., Calif., Super. Ct., No. 06CECG00440 (7/9/07)

Sexual Harassment

• Williams v. University of Georgia
• Klemencic v. Ohio State University, 10 F. Supp. 2d 911 (S.D. Ohio 1998).
• Jennings v. Univ. of N.C. 482 F.3d 686 (4^th Cir. 2007).
• Simpson v. Univ. of Colo. Boulder, et al., United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Cir., Nos. 06-1184, 07-1182, Sept. 6, 2007

TITLE IX ARTICLES OF INTEREST

• Asst. Secretary of OCR, Russlynn Ali, addresses the NCAA membership
• NCAA study shows slow progress with women and minority hiring
• Office for Civil Rights rescinds 2005 Title IX clarification
• NAGWS new tool: Title IX: Implications for Women in Sport and Education
• WSF - New Title IX resources for AD's and Coaches
• Brake, Deborah L., “The Invisible Pregnant Athlete and the Promise of Title IX.” Harvard Law Review, 2008.
• Connolly, Jr., Walter and Adelman, Jeffrey, " How a University Can Best Comply with Title IX and Win a Lawsuit: Practical Suggestions."
• Henson, Diane M. and Cabaniss, Boyce C., "It's Not Whether You Win or Lose, But Whether You Get to Play: Title IX Finally Expands Participation Opportunities for Female Athletes in the '90s,"  The Review of Litigation, University of Texas School of Law Publications, Volume 13, No. 3, summer 1994.    
• Hogshead-Makar, Nancy and Lopiano, Donna, “Foul Play: Department of Education Creates Huge Title IX Compliance Loophole” Women's Sports Foundation Position Paper 
  Judge, Janet, O'Brien, David and O'Brien, Timothy, "Gender Equity in the 1990's: An Athletic Administrators Survival Guide to Title IX and Gender Equity Compliance,"  Seton Hall Journal of Sport Law, Vol. 5, 1995, pp. 313-338.     
• National Women's Law Center, "GAO Report Shows Schools Added Athletic Opportunities for Women by Raising Revenue, Not Cutting Men's Teams." March 8, 2001.  (To read the report entitled, "Intercollegiate Athletics:  Four-Year Colleges' Experiences Adding and Discontinuing Teams," click here.)   
• National Women’s Law Center, "Title IX and Men's Sports: A False Conflict," "Title IX and Women’s Athletic Opportunity: A Nation's Promise Yet to be Fulfilled," and "Myths about Title IX and Athletics."
• Naughton, Jim, "Title IX Poses a Particular Challenge at Predominantly Black Institutions," The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 20, 1998.     
• Naughton, Jim, "Women’s Teams in NCAA’s Division I See Gains in Participation and Budgets. But the $831 Million Spent on Male Athletes was Nearly Twice what was Spent on Female Athletes,"  The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 3, 1998.     
• Robinson, Mathew J., "An Untapped Market,"  Athletic Management, February/March, 1998.     
• Sabo, Don, "Changing the Policy Dialogue around Gender Equity in Sports,"  1999.     
• Suggs, Welch, "Uneven Progress for Women’s Sports. A Chronicle Survey Finds Gains at Big-Time Football Powers, Struggles at the Have-Nots,"  The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 7, 2000.     
• Suggs, Welch, "Colleges Consider Fairness of Cutting Men’s Teams to Comply with Title IX,"  The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 19, 1999.     
• Suggs, Welch, "Foes of Title IX Try to Make Equity in College Sports a Campaign Issue. Advocates for Wrestling Pin their Hopes on Getting Candidates to Heed their Concerns,"  The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 4, 2000.     
• United States Department of Education, "Title IX: 25 Years of Progress."  June 1997.
• United States General Accounting Office, "Intercollegiate Athletics: Four-Year Colleges’ Experiences Adding and Discontinuing Teams."  GAO 01-297, March 8, 2001.
• Wendt, Diane, "Athletic Facilities & Gender Equity,"  Athletics Administration, October 1995, pp. 31-35.        
• Women’s Sports Foundation, "(Dis)Empowering Images" Media Representations of Women in Sport." March 15, 2002.
• Women’s Sports Foundation, “Who’s Playing College Sports?” June 2007
• Women’s Sports Foundation, “Who’s Playing College Sports: Money, Race and Gender.” September 2008

GENDER EQUITY PLANNING:

AUDIT MATERIALS

• NCAA Gender Equity Planning Best Practices
• National Women’s Law Center, 2007: Breaking Down Barriers
• Bonnette, Valerie and Lamar, Daniel, "Title IX Athletics Investigator's Manual,"  Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education, 1990.
• Bunker, Linda, Chaudhry, Neena, Kellers, Peggy, Slaner Larkin, Deborah and Williams, Verna,  Check It Out: Is the Playing Field Level for Women and Girls at Your School? National Women's Law Center, September 2000.   

STRATEGIC PLANNING DOCUMENTS

• Sweet, Judith, University of California, San Diego, "Twenty Tips for Developing a Title IX Action Plan."
• Women’s Sports Foundation,  "Gender Equity, Creative Solutions " A Case Study in Compliance."  March 15, 2002.

EMPLOYMENT:

• Pay Equity – 2008 Gender Equity & Issues Forum: Video   PowerPoint
• Bonnette, Valerie M., "Summary of EEOC Coaches’ Salaries Policy,"  Good Sports, Inc., January 8, 1998.
• Connolly, Jr., Walter B., "University In-House Audit of Employment Related Issues to Determine Compliance with Title VII and Title IX and Other Related Issues."
• EEOC Notice, "Enforcement Guidance on Sex Discrimination in the Compensation of Sports Coaches in Educational Institutions,"  No. 915.002, October 29, 1997.   
• Judge, Janet, O’Brien, David and O’Brien, Timothy, "Pay Equity: A Legal and Practical Approach to the Compensation of College Coaches,"  Seton Hall Journal of Sport Law, Volume Six, No. Two, 1996, pp. 549-580.       
• National Women’s Law Center: Workplace Fairness and Flexibility
• U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, "EEOC Issues Guidance on Application of Anti-Discrimination Laws to Coaches: Pay at Educational Institutions," October 31, 1997.       

SEXUAL HARASSMENT:

• Heywood, Leslie, "Despite the Positive Rhetoric About Women’s Sports, Female Athletes Face a Culture of Sexual Harassment,"  The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 8, 1999, Pages B4-B5.     
• "Liability for Sexual Assault by College Athletes under Title IX," Barbara A. Lee, 11/8/08 NACUA Note
• National Women’s Law Center, “Sexual Harassment in the Workplace”
• Women's Sports Foundation, "An Educational Resource Kit for Athletic Administrators: Prevention of Sexual Harassment in Athletic Settings,"  1995.
• Women’s Sports Foundation, “Sexual Harassment - Sexual Harassment and Sexual Relationships Between Coaches and Athletes: The Foundation Position” August 2000
• Office for Civil Rights, “Revised Sexual Harassment Guidance: Harassment of Students by School Employees, Other Students, or Third Parties – Title IX” January 19, 2001

INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS EXPERIENCE:

WOMEN IN ATHLETICS

• 2008-09 NCAA Race & Gender Demographics Reports:
  • Student-athletes
  • Campus Personnel
  • Conference Personnel
• The 33rd year update of Acosta-Carpenter: Status of Women in Intercollegiate Sport.
• Barriers to Fair Play, National Women’s Law Center, June 2007
• Coalition for Girls and Women in Education – TITLE IX ATHLETICS POLICIES - Issues and Data for Education Decision Makers, May 10, 2007
• "Title IX at 35: Beyond the Headlines" January 2008
• Testimony of Judith Sweet, NCAA Consultant, and Jocelyn Samuels, National Women’s Law Center, for the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Briefing on Title IX, May 11, 2007
• Acosta, Vivian R., Carpenter, Linda Jean,  "Women in Intercollegiate Sport, A Longitudinal Study Thirty-one Year Update 1977-2008."
• Gender Equity and the Black Female in Sport, Women’s Sports Foundation
• Hamann, Jack, Generation IX Documentary
• Suggs, Welch, “Gender Quotas? Not in College Sports: The latest numbers show that while women's teams are making progress in terms of equity, men's teams aren't feeling much pain” Chronicle of Higher Education, July 1, 2005
• The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Report: Physical Activity & Sport in the Lives of Girls
• Wilson, Robin, “Where Have All the Women Gone?” Collegiate Coaches, May 2007
• Wolverton, Brad, “Crying Foul Over Postseason Opportunities” Chronicle of Higher Education, July 28, 2006
• Wolverton, Brad, “Declining Opportunities: Job prospects for women and minorities in college athletics have decreased, a report finds”  Chronicle of Higher Education, October 28, 2005

HISTORICAL/RESEARCH

• A History of Women’s Sports Timeline
• Acosta, Vivian R., Carpenter, Linda Jean,  "Women in Intercollegiate Sport, A Longitudinal Study Thirty-one Year Update 1977-2008."
• "Go Out and Play: Youth Sports in America," Women's Sports Foundation, October 2008
• Heckman, Diane, "391 Scoreboard: A Concise Chronological Twenty-Five Year History of Title IX Involving Interscholastic and Intercollegiate Athletics,"  Seton Hall Journal of Sport Law, 1997.
• Final Report of the NCAA Gender-Equity Task Force, July 26, 1993.    
• "History of Title IX Legislation, Regulation and Policy Interpretation,"  1996.   
• NCAA Research:
  • Revenues and Expenses of Divisions I and II Intercollegiate Athletics Programs
  • Revenues and Expenses of Division III Intercollegiate Athletics Programs
  • Gender-Equity Report
  • Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Report
  • Ethnicity and Gender Demographics of NCAA Member Institutions' Athletic Personnel
  • NCAA Student-Athlete Race and Ethnicity Report
  • Race and Gender Demographics of NCAA Member Conferences Personnel Report

• National Women’s Law Center: Barriers to Fair Play
• Sandler, Bernice, "Too Strong for a Woman"--The Five Words That Created Title IX
• Struna, Nancy,  "Women’s Pre-Title IX Sports History in the United States,"  Women's Sports Foundation, 3 March 2002.
• United States General Accounting Office, "Gender Equity: Men's and Women's Participation in Higher Education."  GAO 01-128, December 15, 2000.
• United States General Accounting Office, Recent Trends in Teams and Participants in National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports. July 12, 2007.

STUDENT-ATHLETE WELL-BEING

• NCAA Video:
  • Policy considerations – Hazing
  • Student-Athlete Internet Activities
  • Expanding Opportunities for Diverse Students
  • Relating to Today’s Student-Athletes
• Legal, Medical and Treatment Aspects of Student-Athlete Pregnancy Video from 2008 NCAA Convention
• Deborah L. Brake, "The Invisible Pregnant Athlete and the Promise of Title IX," Summer 2008
• Women’s Sports Foundation: Body and Mind
• Women's Sports Foundation, Addressing the Issue of Verbal, Physical and Psychological Abuse of Athletes